Nobels of the period 1951 - 1960

1951

Physics:

Cockroft, John Douglas, Sir - Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton

"for his pionner work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"

Medicine:

Theiler, Max

"for his discovery concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"

Peace:

Jouhaux, Leon

"for his work and struggle to elevate the working class and fisrt of all to improve their conditions"

Literature:

Lagerkvist, Par Fabian

"for the artistic vigor and true independence of mind with which he endeavors in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"

Chemistry:

McMillan, Edwin Mattison

"for his discovery of element 93, neptunium, the first element beyond uranium"

Seaborg, Glenn Theodore

"For discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"

1952

Physics:

Bloch, Felix

"for the development of new methods of nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection there-with"

Medicine:

Walksman, Selman Abraham

"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective againt tuberculosis"

Peace:

Schweitzer, Albert

"for his efforts in behalf of the Brotherhood of Nations"

Literature:

Mauriac, Francois

"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"

Chemistry:

Martin, Archer John Porter - Synge, Richard Laurence Millington

"For their invention of partition chromatography"

1953

Physics:

Zernike, Frits

"for his demonstation of the phase-contact method , especially for his invention of the phase-contract microscope"

Medicine:

Krebs, Hans Adolf, Sir

"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"

 Lipmann, Fritz Albert

"For his discovery of Coenzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"

Peace:

Marshall, George Catlett

"for the Marshall Plan"

Literature:

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer , Sir

"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"

Chemistry:

Staudinger, Hermann

"For his discoveries in the field of the macromolecular chemistry"

1954

Physics:

Born, Max

"for his statistical interpretation of the quantum theory"

Medicine:

Enders, John Franklin - Robbins, Frederick Chapman

"for the discovery of the ability of the poliomyelitis virus to grow in cultures of different tissues"

Peace:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugess

"for their work for and among refuges"

Literature:

Hemingaway, Ernest Miller

"for his powerful, stylemaking mastery of the art of modern narration"

Chemistry:

Pauling, Linus Carl

"For his work on chemical bonds and molecular structure"

1955

Physics:

Kusch, Polycarp

"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"

Lamb, Willis Eugene, Jr.

"for discoveries regarding the hyperfine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"

Medicine:

Theorell, Axel Hugo Theodor

"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of actions of oxidation enzymes"

Literature:

Laxness, Halldor Kiljan

"for his vivid epic power , which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"

Chemistry:

Du Vigneaud, Vincent

"For his work on biochemically important sulprus compounds"

1956

Physics:

Bardeen, John - Brattain, Walter Houser - Shockley, William Bradford

i"for researches on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect"

Medicine:

Cournand, Andre Frederic - Forsmann Werner Theodor Otto - Richards, Dickinson Woodruff

"discovering concerting heat cathetirization and pathological changes in the circularity systems"

Literature:

Jimenez, Juan Ramon

"for his lyrical poetry which constitutes an inspiring example in the Spanish language of spirituality and artistic poetry"

Chemistry:

Hinshelwood, Cyril Norman, Sir - Semenov, Nikolai Nikolaevich

"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical compounds"

1957

Physics:

Lee, Tsung-Dao

"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to importand discoveries regarding the elementary partticles"

Medicine:

Bovet, Daniel

"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances"

Peace:

Pearson, Lester Bowles

"for his long and indefatigable work for understanding between nations"

Literature:

Camus, Albert

"for his important literary production , which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"

Chemistry:

Todd, Alexander Robertus, Sir

"For his contribution to biochemistry and to the understanding of gene"

1958

Physics:

Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich

"for his work on the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherekov effect". The Cherenkov effect produced by charged atomic particles moving at velocities greater than the speed of light.

Medicine:

Beadle, George Wells

"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organiztion of the genetic material of bacteria"

Lederberg, Joshua

"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"

Tatum, Edward Lawrie

for discovering that genes act by regulating specific chemical proceses

Peace:

Pire, Dominique, Reverend

"For his work with European refugees"

Literature:

Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich

"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"

Chemistry:

Sanger, Frederick

"For his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"

1959

Physics:

Chamberlain, Owen

"for his contribution of the existance of the antiproton, using the Bevatron particle accelerator"

Segre, Emilio Gino

"For the discovery of antiproton"

Medicine:

Jornberg, Arthur - Ochoa, Severo

"to the discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"

Peace:

Noel-Baker, Philip John

"for his contributions as a tireless worker for world peace through disarmament"

Literature:

Quasimodo, Salvatore

"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our times"

Chemistry:

Heyrovsky, Jaroslav

"As the originator of one of the most importand methods of contemporary chemical analysis"

1960

Physics:

Glaser, Donald Arthur

"For the invention of the bubble chamber"

Medicine:

Burnet, Frank MacFarlane, Sir - Medawar, Peter Brian, Sir

"for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"

Peace:

Luthuli, Albert John

"in his fight against racial discrimination he had always worked for nonviolent methods"

Literature:

Saint-John Perse

"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our times"

Chemistry:

Libby, Willard Frank

"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"